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Software Vault: The Gold Collection
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Software Vault - The Gold Collection (American Databankers) (1993).ISO
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netprog.zip
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NETPROG.TAR
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lib.s5
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semaph.c
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C/C++ Source or Header
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1989-12-17
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8KB
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290 lines
/*
* Provide an simpler and easier to understand interface to the System V
* semaphore system calls. There are 7 routines available to the user:
*
* id = sem_create(key, initval); # create with initial value or open
* id = sem_open(key); # open (must already exist)
* sem_wait(id); # wait = P = down by 1
* sem_signal(id); # signal = V = up by 1
* sem_op(id, amount); # wait if (amount < 0)
* # signal if (amount > 0)
* sem_close(id); # close
* sem_rm(id); # remove (delete)
*
* We create and use a 3-member set for the requested semaphore.
* The first member, [0], is the actual semaphore value, and the second
* member, [1], is a counter used to know when all processes have finished
* with the semaphore. The counter is initialized to a large number,
* decremented on every create or open and incremented on every close.
* This way we can use the "adjust" feature provided by System V so that
* any process that exit's without calling sem_close() is accounted
* for. It doesn't help us if the last process does this (as we have
* no way of getting control to remove the semaphore) but it will
* work if any process other than the last does an exit (intentional
* or unintentional).
* The third member, [2], of the semaphore set is used as a lock variable
* to avoid any race conditions in the sem_create() and sem_close()
* functions.
*/
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/sem.h>
#include <errno.h>
extern int errno;
#define BIGCOUNT 10000 /* initial value of process counter */
/*
* Define the semaphore operation arrays for the semop() calls.
*/
static struct sembuf op_lock[2] = {
2, 0, 0, /* wait for [2] (lock) to equal 0 */
2, 1, SEM_UNDO /* then increment [2] to 1 - this locks it */
/* UNDO to release the lock if processes exits
before explicitly unlocking */
};
static struct sembuf op_endcreate[2] = {
1, -1, SEM_UNDO,/* decrement [1] (proc counter) with undo on exit */
/* UNDO to adjust proc counter if process exits
before explicitly calling sem_close() */
2, -1, SEM_UNDO /* then decrement [2] (lock) back to 0 */
};
static struct sembuf op_open[1] = {
1, -1, SEM_UNDO /* decrement [1] (proc counter) with undo on exit */
};
static struct sembuf op_close[3] = {
2, 0, 0, /* wait for [2] (lock) to equal 0 */
2, 1, SEM_UNDO, /* then increment [2] to 1 - this locks it */
1, 1, SEM_UNDO /* then increment [1] (proc counter) */
};
static struct sembuf op_unlock[1] = {
2, -1, SEM_UNDO /* decrement [2] (lock) back to 0 */
};
static struct sembuf op_op[1] = {
0, 99, SEM_UNDO /* decrement or increment [0] with undo on exit */
/* the 99 is set to the actual amount to add
or subtract (positive or negative) */
};
/****************************************************************************
* Create a semaphore with a specified initial value.
* If the semaphore already exists, we don't initialize it (of course).
* We return the semaphore ID if all OK, else -1.
*/
int
sem_create(key, initval)
key_t key;
int initval; /* used if we create the semaphore */
{
register int id, semval;
union semun {
int val;
struct semid_ds *buf;
ushort *array;
} semctl_arg;
if (key == IPC_PRIVATE)
return(-1); /* not intended for private semaphores */
else if (key == (key_t) -1)
return(-1); /* probably an ftok() error by caller */
again:
if ( (id = semget(key, 3, 0666 | IPC_CREAT)) < 0)
return(-1); /* permission problem or tables full */
/*
* When the semaphore is created, we know that the value of all
* 3 members is 0.
* Get a lock on the semaphore by waiting for [2] to equal 0,
* then increment it.
*
* There is a race condition here. There is a possibility that
* between the semget() above and the semop() below, another
* process can call our sem_close() function which can remove
* the semaphore if that process is the last one using it.
* Therefore, we handle the error condition of an invalid
* semaphore ID specially below, and if it does happen, we just
* go back and create it again.
*/
if (semop(id, &op_lock[0], 2) < 0) {
if (errno == EINVAL)
goto again;
err_sys("can't lock");
}
/*
* Get the value of the process counter. If it equals 0,
* then no one has initialized the semaphore yet.
*/
if ( (semval = semctl(id, 1, GETVAL, 0)) < 0)
err_sys("can't GETVAL");
if (semval == 0) {
/*
* We could initialize by doing a SETALL, but that
* would clear the adjust value that we set when we
* locked the semaphore above. Instead, we'll do 2
* system calls to initialize [0] and [1].
*/
semctl_arg.val = initval;
if (semctl(id, 0, SETVAL, semctl_arg) < 0)
err_sys("can SETVAL[0]");
semctl_arg.val = BIGCOUNT;
if (semctl(id, 1, SETVAL, semctl_arg) < 0)
err_sys("can SETVAL[1]");
}
/*
* Decrement the process counter and then release the lock.
*/
if (semop(id, &op_endcreate[0], 2) < 0)
err_sys("can't end create");
return(id);
}
/****************************************************************************
* Open a semaphore that must already exist.
* This function should be used, instead of sem_create(), if the caller
* knows that the semaphore must already exist. For example a client
* from a client-server pair would use this, if its the server's
* responsibility to create the semaphore.
* We return the semaphore ID if all OK, else -1.
*/
int
sem_open(key)
key_t key;
{
register int id;
if (key == IPC_PRIVATE)
return(-1); /* not intended for private semaphores */
else if (key == (key_t) -1)
return(-1); /* probably an ftok() error by caller */
if ( (id = semget(key, 3, 0)) < 0)
return(-1); /* doesn't exist, or tables full */
/*
* Decrement the process counter. We don't need a lock
* to do this.
*/
if (semop(id, &op_open[0], 1) < 0)
err_sys("can't open");
return(id);
}
/****************************************************************************
* Remove a semaphore.
* This call is intended to be called by a server, for example,
* when it is being shut down, as we do an IPC_RMID on the semaphore,
* regardless whether other processes may be using it or not.
* Most other processes should use sem_close() below.
*/
sem_rm(id)
int id;
{
if (semctl(id, 0, IPC_RMID, 0) < 0)
err_sys("can't IPC_RMID");
}
/****************************************************************************
* Close a semaphore.
* Unlike the remove function above, this function is for a process
* to call before it exits, when it is done with the semaphore.
* We "decrement" the counter of processes using the semaphore, and
* if this was the last one, we can remove the semaphore.
*/
sem_close(id)
int id;
{
register int semval;
/*
* The following semop() first gets a lock on the semaphore,
* then increments [1] - the process counter.
*/
if (semop(id, &op_close[0], 3) < 0)
err_sys("can't semop");
/*
* Now that we have a lock, read the value of the process
* counter to see if this is the last reference to the
* semaphore.
* There is a race condition here - see the comments in
* sem_create().
*/
if ( (semval = semctl(id, 1, GETVAL, 0)) < 0)
err_sys("can't GETVAL");
if (semval > BIGCOUNT)
err_dump("sem[1] > BIGCOUNT");
else if (semval == BIGCOUNT)
sem_rm(id);
else
if (semop(id, &op_unlock[0], 1) < 0)
err_sys("can't unlock"); /* unlock */
}
/****************************************************************************
* Wait until a semaphore's value is greater than 0, then decrement
* it by 1 and return.
* Dijkstra's P operation. Tanenbaum's DOWN operation.
*/
sem_wait(id)
int id;
{
sem_op(id, -1);
}
/****************************************************************************
* Increment a semaphore by 1.
* Dijkstra's V operation. Tanenbaum's UP operation.
*/
sem_signal(id)
int id;
{
sem_op(id, 1);
}
/****************************************************************************
* General semaphore operation. Increment or decrement by a user-specified
* amount (positive or negative; amount can't be zero).
*/
sem_op(id, value)
int id;
int value;
{
if ( (op_op[0].sem_op = value) == 0)
err_sys("can't have value == 0");
if (semop(id, &op_op[0], 1) < 0)
err_sys("sem_op error");
}